Budget and Budget Committee Example

Essays on Budget and Budget Committee Essay Essay Budget and Budget Committee: Budget refers to planning and organizing finances. Businesses especially when launching themselves allocate their financial resources to different things related to the functioning of the business. Hence, a thorough analysis of finances is very essential to the efficient growing and running of any business of committee. Hence, for each business or even any type of group or organization to prosper, it is very essential that its finances are managed carefully. Hence, this requires budgeting which obviously needs a group of people who can sit and ponder over what to spend where ands how etc. this fundamental task comes under the budget committee’s role. For a business, a budget committee’s formation is absolutely needed. This committee helps in outlining financial goals basically. The committee prepares documents and papers that show the financial position of the organization/business etc it is working for. This visual representation helps in planning out the activities of the business in a much better way. Expected financial results can also be seen through a thorough analysis of past records and events done by the committee. This preparation of financial documents for decision making can hence be called the main purpose of a budge committee. (Brian Tracy, 2004). A simple budget committee includes four main things or components. These are: - Sales and revenue - Profit or loss - expected costs (total costs) - Total profits thereafter A budget committee sits down and does a methodical analysis of the marketing and sales departments that it works for. By this, it simply is being a group of people all work together to make accuracy and authenticity of data their main criteria. This is done so that all estimated or projected total costs and the resulting profit or loss from them, are true. This leads to a reliable setoff data to be analyzed and drawn conclusions from. And this serves as a true and accurate set of compiled information that is used by the business (in this case) for decisions making purposes. Usually, for the budget committee to be effective, all data is collected through research by surveys and market analysis. A true budget hence portrays the business’s true worth and potential. Each budget committee member also makes sure that the budget is appraised and reviewed regularly for instance, every month. This calls for even more timely collection of data and keeps the committee on track with the latest trends in financial costs inclinations. The budget committee hence helps in saving a lot of time and money and keeps the entire business organized. (Brian Tracy, 2004). Flow of a Budget: By, flow of a budget, it is meant how basically a budget is prepared. This calls for an outlining of things that come first or are considered first, when making a budget, second, third and so on. A budget as mentioned above undertakes many important goals and deals with different types of financial trends, costs, analysis and decision making etc. The stages involved in the flow of a budget are as follows: 1. Sales value (estimated): The first thing that a budget undertakes or includes in itself, is the probable amount of sales in value for the month the budget is being made for. This is based on a complete analysis of the marketing and sales function of the business. Hence, the data involved here is that of number of goods sold, amount spent on advertising and marketing etc. There are usually written or recorded by a high, medium and low sales tag (estimated sales that is.) 2. Operating Costs: this is the second part of the budget. This illustrates what the business has spent on regular everyday expenses and how much. These costs can be related to the human resource department or even the production or dispatch/delivery department etc. from heating and lighting, to cost of fuel to salaries of employees, all comes under the tag â€Å"operating costs†. A budget hence deals with these different costs listed clearly as follows: Costs of buying the service or product Marketing and other Sales costs Administration costs Costs of operation e.g. Lighting expenses Other fixed, variable and semi-variable costs related to business operations 3. Profit or Loss (monthly): this part of the budget includes the cumulative profit or loss from operations of that month only. This step is useful for the budget committee for analysis purposes that it does later at the end of the year usually to find out the broad trends and inclinations in sales, profit, revenue and losses. 4. Total Profit or Loss: this part contains the cumulative profits or losses for the year or a set of months (quarterly, half-yearly etc.) From this are the breakeven ratios and other business profitability ratios calculated for further analysis of the functioning of the business for that period of time. We can definitely say here, that this part shows a business’s true latent, or its true potential. (Brian Tracy, 2004). Differences between Traditional Costing and ABC Costing Technique: This section refers to a called analysis for the difference/s between Traditional Costing (TC) and Activity Based Costing (ABC). These differences hence are: 1. Traditional Costing deals with exact figures for example, number of goods sold etc. Hence, all overhead costs are assigned to these. ABC costing however, does this very less, and rather puts the general trend as an allocation basis. Assignment is not related to the quantity of products. 2. TC allocates all manufacturing or production costs to products themselves. ABC costing allocates both manufacturing and non-manufacturing to products. 3. Direct labour and machine hours are the allocation bases in TC. This base is usually in correlation to the alterations that occur automatically in overhead costs or operating costs that are allocated to the base when using that base. This does not happen in TC. ABC only allocates a cost to the product only if there will be changes in the product cost in the future because of some decisions. 4. ABC against TC uses more cost allocations or pools. (FMAccounting, n.d.) Important points to remember while selecting Cost Drivers: Cost driver is something that controls the cost relating to a business function or doing. These are a component of the ABC. There are two types of cost drivers. These being: activity driver resource driver (BNET Business Dictionary, n.d.) The question that arises here is what factors to consider when selecting one type of cost driver out of many available. The things to consider are: accuracy acceptable information cost simple to analyze and understand should a combo of cost driver be taken, or one only avoiding complexity, while selecting whichever cost driver (Carsten Homburg, 2002). Different methods for calculating Payback: Payback period refers to the total time that it will acquire for an amount of money that has been invested in a capital good to come back to the investor. This basically is done through a series of cash flows and which eventually results in an accumulation of the total amount that was initially invested. One way to calculate this payback period is through a formula. This formula is: Payback period = Cost of Investment divided by Annual Cash Flows. (Masego Matseke, n.d.) Other methods of calculating payback period include: discounting cash flows; calculating the annual rate of return; IRR; Risk-adjusted rate of return; Return on Assets; Return on investment etc. (LearningMatters, 2008). ‘Both Managerial Accountants and Financial Accountants use the data from the accounting system of the firm but for different purposes.’ Financial information is a necessary tool for all businesses to have so that future and current business decisions are based on this information. A financial accountant is a person who undertakes the objective role that financial information carries with itself. This basically means that a financial accountant makes all the financial statements. His job requires him to present all financial data in a proper format. Hence, he makes all accounts and tables/charts for the managers to see and analyze. An accountant manages and maintains a track for income and expenses, assets, operating costs, returns, loans, debt etc. Accountants handle all this raw data and transform it into a proper categorised data that is presented in the form of information. (QandAs- Legal, n.d.) After all this depiction of information is done in accounts and statements, does the task of a managerial accountant begin. He is responsible for their leadership placements. They use their administration and management skills to analyze the presented information and base their decision making on this information that is prepared by a financial accountant. These are also called advisors to the business, since they evaluate financial information. Managerial accountants also are part of a product’s for instance, entire stream of work. This includes decisions related to marketing budget, sales budget, promotion expenses, pricing, outsourcing etc. (Sigel, Gary, 2000). As mentioned above, it is very clear how the two roles differ even though the main element of each accountant’s role still remains the same. There is just a difference in the â€Å"sub-s† involved. Works Cited 1. Sigel, Gary. â€Å"What do management accountants do?† Strategic Finance Publication. 2000. All Business. August, 17, 2008. http://www.allbusiness.com/accounting-reporting/managerial-accounting/605863-1.html 2. QandAs- Legal. â€Å"What does an accountant do?† QandAs. (n.d.) August, 17, 2008. http://legal.qandas.com/personal-taxes/what-does-an-account-do.html 3. LearningMatters. â€Å"Calculating Payback Period†. LearningMatters. (2008) Echelon Learning Ltd. August, 17, 2008. http://www.learningmatters.com/idx/7741/index.html 4. Masego Matseke. â€Å"Payback Period†. (n.d.) 12Manage. August, 17, 2008. http://www.12manage.com/methods_payback_period.html 5. Carsten Homburg. â€Å"A note on optimal cost driver selection in ABC†. ScienceDirect. 2002. Academic Press. August, 17, 2008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6WMY-456JPDV-B_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=dview=c_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=883baf2da051b21acf9381152ac7eeb5 6. BNET. â€Å"Cost Driver†. BNET Business Dictionary. (n.d.) CNET Networks Inc. August, 17, 2008. http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/cost+driver.html 7. FMAccounting. â€Å"Difference between ABC system versus traditional based costing system†. Financial, Management and Accounting. (n.d.) August, 17, 2008. http://fmaccounting.com/difference-between-abc-system-versus-traditional-based-costing-system/ 8. Brian Tracy. â€Å"Drafting your budget†. Entrepreneur Connect. 2004. Entrepreneur.com Inc. August, 17, 2008. http://www.entrepreneur.com/money/article72918.html

Are Tax Cuts Beneficial For Improving Economy - 1544 Words

Are Tax Cuts Beneficial for improving an Economy especially after a Recession? Argue and Defend Your Point. Recessions in any country can present the most difficult economic challenges to the authorities as they seek the best methods to regain their economic power. There are different avenues they can attempt to alleviate the issue including the reduction of government spending and tax cuts for the citizens and businesses . The concern for this investigation is the ability of tax cuts to increase the economic stimulus in that period. The review will focus on how the strategy can benefit the citizens and enable the country to restore itself from the financial difficulties over that time. There are different outcomes the country should†¦show more content†¦The recovery of the taxes to the nation’s budget may take time, but it helps them maneuver out of the economic recession. The first benefit that a tax cut will bring is the encouragement of efficiency in the private businesses . It provides an opportunity for investors to inject money into the economy since it has the potential for growth, and they do not incur as many costs for running the investments. The tax cuts also reduce the amount of risk that the companies will have to indulge in to enable them to make a profit. With a high cost of transactions due to the taxes, the corporations will have to spend more on acquiring and paying credits and that increase the amount of risk for their operations. That move will spur their investment ventures and promises quicker growth than other avenues of alleviating the recession. The move also reduces the possibility for the larger organizations to indulge in acquisitions and mergers with the smaller business that may eventually lead to monopolies. It is hard to control most market factors in an environment whose operations have a saturation of monopolistic part icipants; therefore, it is not economically healthy. A reduction in the taxes will encourage all forms of business participation. The cut will provide an excellent opportunity for the small enterprises to withstand the difficulties of the recession. That will prevent the possibility of the larger corporations turning into oligopolies and eventually monopolies that areShow MoreRelatedBarack Obama s Current Tax Code1728 Words   |  7 Pagesup, different tax policies are being debated between the candidates. Whether it is proposed by a Democratic or a Republican presidential candidate, there have been many possible solutions presented on how to reform the current tax code. Focusing specifically on four candidates, two from the Democratic Party, and two from the Republican Party, I will compare and contrast their respective tax proposals. While the Democratic candidates generally agree with President Obama’s current tax code, all fourRead MorePestle Analysis Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesinternal environment of a business (Panah, 2012). 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Sexual Pressures Essay Example For Students

Sexual Pressures Essay The media is just one of the factors responsible for the increase in teen sexuality. Throughout a humans adolescents years they are subject to a number of sexual pressures. Through research I have found that peers areamong the most influential. An adolescent is not limited to peer pressure though. They face pressures from the media as well. I believe that media pressure is just a influential as peer pressure. There is also other pressure,from people such as older friends, parents, and just adults in general. Peers is a term that can be defined as friends. I have found that many teens have friends that are athletes. In high schools, boy athletesoutscore all of the other boys with the girls(Elias 1). On the other hand ,girls on sports teams are much less sexually active than other females who do not play sports(Elias 1). This shows that male athletes are far morepressuring each other on the issue of sexuality. So for males who are into sports they are subjected to a host of pressures and can as a result do things they would not normally do. On the contrary, I found that females who do sports are far less pressured and influenced about sex. In fact theyare far less likely to be sexually active than teen females who do not participate in sports. I believe that all teens in general should know the results of being a sexually active teen. There are many consequences of being sexuallyactive, one of the major one being sexually transmitted diseases. A sexuallytransmitted disease might not sound so bad but, some can cause sterilityand even worse , death. Even when condoms are used, a STD can still be transmitted. Depending on the type of std they can or can not be cured. A few diseases that can not be cured include herpes, HPV, And HIV, which later turns into the virus AIDS. The disease HPV can cause cervical cancer andHIV results in a long, painful death. Almost a third of sexually active teenscontracted a new STD within a mere six months, reported one study, evenamong condom users(Terilliger 2). Once a teen has become sexually active he or she must assume newroles. Males must think about the issue of perhaps becoming a father byaccident of intentionally. Moreover, females must think about all the consequences of having sex. No sex happens to be the safest form of sexualactivity. It is not hard for a condom to break of for birth control pills to be forgotten once or twice during a cycle to cause a pregnancy. In addition,once a female becomes pregnant there are few options she can explore. In a like manner, adults are an impact on a teens sexuality. Most teens look up to an adult and admire them. Likewise, they want to try to belike there idol. This is why an adult can have a profound impact on a teentrying to cope with the pressures of sexuality. That is why all adults in allclasses of society should watch what they do or say in relation to teens. Forexample, The President of the United States was adulterous and lied about it. We as society say so what? when the accusations surfaced at first(Kavanagh 13). In the same fashion, the media plays a huge part of sexual pressuresexerted on a teen. One way being television. Television at the present time is full of vulgarness and sex. As far as prime time television is concerned is safer to watch old re runs of the Lucy Show and the Cosby Show. they ere from an era where sex was not such a prime time staple(Riley 186). This show how much society has changed concerning sex. In the old times sex was not a way to get better ratings like it is today. Similarly, music hasan impact on an adolescents sexuality. Rap lyrics at the current time are full of obscenities and words concerning sex. In the rapper Eminems songRole Model , he says, Im going to rape her and leave her, once I get near her(mathers 1). When the media says these kind of things teens are leadto believe that this type of behavior is normal and should not be digressed. .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 , .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .postImageUrl , .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 , .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272:hover , .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272:visited , .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272:active { border:0!important; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272:active , .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272 .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u385158ce4ac28852c2e6213dd79a8272:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander the great 3 EssayEvery teen listens to some kind of music with obscenities and vulgarness, soall are subjected to these kind of musical lyrics. Many teens even idolize musical artists, so they would intern try to be like what they think the artist actually does. Even though most lyrics are just lyrics and are not intentionallymade to mislead teens or anyone. In conclusion, I have found that the media is one of the factors concerning teen sexuality. Furthermore, peers are another huge impact ona teens sexuality. In addition, there where also pressures from adults. through this I search paper I have found out a lot of interesting conceptsconcerning what a teen is pressured by sexually, during the growing years. It was one of the most informative researches I ever did.

Mbaar free essay sample

Through a series of well-coordinated mergers and the growth of a vast selection of innovative food products, Nestle became the global giant it is today. Nestle’s success can be attributed to its deep agricultural supply chain, strong local market teams, hiring from within, and long tenured CEOs. Nestle has become the epitome of innovation and success in the retail food product industry. In 1996 Nestle established the Nestle Environmental Management System (NEMS) in an attempt to produce more environmentally friendly products. NEMS required innovative eco-design in the company’s products and activities, and gave preference to suppliers who worked to improve their levels of efficiency and sustainability regarding their use of resources. Aside from this, NEMS also requires independent environmental auditing regarding the practices of the company. In addition, environmental awareness training for the employees and business partners is required. Nestle launched Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Nestle (SAIN) in 2000 in order to optimize the transparency from farm-to-table and to increase efficiency and productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Mbaar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nestle took a big risk as it was the first to implement this type of program. The program was effective, and other companies such as Unilever and Groupe Danone adopted the idea. In 2006 it further expanded the program to make water a central area of concentration. Five Forces Model Porter’s Five Forces Model was created to act as a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. Porter singled out five different forces that impact competitive intensity which portrays an image of the overall attractiveness and profitability of a market. To aid in our evaluation of Nestle and its status in the industry, we will apply Porter’s Five Forces Model to the company. Threat of New Entrants The food processing industry is very large and competitive; it is not uncommon for firms within the industry to do quite well. As a result, many companies enter into the market every year in an attempt to gain a portion of the profitable market. Luckily for Nestle, the company has been around for over a century and boasts a long history of quality products and consumer satisfaction, which has allowed the company to obtain a considerable share of the market. As a result, new entrants into the industry must attempt to seize a portion of Nestle’s market share in order to survive. Essentially, Nestle is constantly a target, and so the threat of new entrants is moderate. Threat of Substitute Goods Due to the nature of the industry, Nestle is beset with the threat of substitute goods. From bottled water to lean pockets, there are arrays of similar products that compete directly with Nestle. It is vital for Nestle to continuously find new ways to improve its products because competition is so fierce. In recent years, Nestle has focused on the health and wellness aspects of its products to maintain its competitive edge in the market. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Nestle prides itself on creating and maintaining positive relationships with its suppliers all over the world. Due to the large purchasing power of Nestle, and because the suppliers of agricultural commodities offer a product that is far from unique, Nestle holds more bargaining power than its suppliers. Aside from this, Nestle prefers to create and preserve long-term relationships with its suppliers as this helps to ensure the quality of the raw materials being purchased. In addition, Nestle also offers useful advice to its suppliers on how to perform more efficiently to minimize unnecessary costs. Bargaining Power of Customers Customers have a large amount of bargaining power regarding their consumption of Nestle products. As stated previously, there are close substitutes for Nestle products which allows for the preferences of the customer to be very influential. Nestle understands the power of the customer and has taken specific steps to meet the needs of its products consumers. Specifically, Nestle is incorporating health and wellness into the creation of its products as society has started becoming more health conscious. Competitive Rivalry within the Industry Nestle is a powerhouse in the food processing industry but so are Kraft Foods and Groupe Danone. These companies, among others, are in a constant and continuous battle to outperform one another. Regarding advertising alone, these companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars in an attempt to appear more desirable than the competition. Rivalry is fierce in the food processing industry, and this is a good thing for consumers. As long as these companies continue striving to one up one another, consumers will continue to enjoy ever- improving product lines. - When applied to Nestle, Porter’s â€Å"Five Forces Model† depicts a competitive, but profitable market for the food processing industry. Furthermore, the model places Nestle in a somewhat comfortable position within the food processing industry, while acknowledging the threats to its market share. Specifically, the model notes a moderate threat of new entrants into the market and a substantial threat of substitute goods. In addition, the model shows that Nestle tends to maintain the upper hand over its suppliers as commodities have exact substitutes in the market. Also, customers have a considerable amount of bargaining power, as Nestle must adhere to consumer wants and needs because there are so many close substitutes. For the final force, the model depicts a large amount of rivalry within the food processing industry. - Goals - Nestle has established many goals throughout the life of its company. Being a highly innovative company, it is always looking for new ways to develop higher quality products. In order to maintain a competitive edge over top competitors, Nestle should improve its innovative technology; this will create new products and lead to better efficiency which will minimize costs for Nestle and its consumers. Another goal is to maintain growth by continuing to create value for consumers and shareholders through implementing an effective risk management policy. This can be done by ensuring compliance with Nestle business principles and international law. In addition, Nestle will ensure that its actions are environmentally sound, socially just, and economically viable. Lastly, it should continue to uphold and expand environmental policies (i. e. SAIN, NEMS). This will be done by improving the communication between farmers, employees, managers, and distributors. - Constraints - There are a few pertinent constraints that will affect the implementation of the goals. First, is the loss of brand loyalty due to the current economic recession. With a strain on household incomes, Nestle consumers are more likely to choose less costly and lower quality alternative products from generic brands of competitors. Nestle must improve its certification process of raw materials to meet higher quality standards. An accurate trail of material/product quality information through the various levels of the food chain is key to Nestle maintaining the overall quality of Nestle end-products. The last constraint is the increasing cost of energy, which affects all levels of input, production, and distribution. - Nestle is constantly expanding its horizons. One example is that the company has taken on an ambitious task such as doubling sales and expanding its buyer market. As stated above Nestle continues to search for opportunities to increase efficiency to expand its profitability. With the ever-changing price of commodities, supplies, and consumer tastes, Nestle will continue to struggle with its market position. Nestle has stayed strong and adjusted well through many obstacles over its lifetime. Nestle’s executives are confident they can accomplish just about any goal and are developing new strategies to make this happen. Central Problem - Peter Brabeck, the chief executive, for Nestle uses the approach—when you aren’t growing, you are dying—in how he runs the company. For the past 30 years, this notion has worked for Nestle. Its shares have outperformed competitors in the Samp;P 100. Internally, a central problem for Nestle is how it plans to continue its glo bal capitalization while resisting plateaus or stagnation. Externally, Nestle’s problem is how it will keep the lead on competitors. Nestle has managed its organization around decentralization. This is the idea that globally there is no one specific taste or preference wanted by all. Instead, Nestle has made its productions more regional. This will ensure that it produces products to the wants of the local communities. This strategy has helped Nestle outperform its competitors in different regions. The problem is, companies have taken notice of this practice and are implementing similar strategies. Alternatives Alternative One Cocoa is essential to 40-50 million people’s lives worldwide. Over five million small holder farms produce it. Over the last 20 years, chocolate consumption has doubled, and in the last five years, it has increased 14 percent globally. There has been a shortage of cocoa for four consecutive years now because farmers are producing lower yields as demand continues to rise. â€Å"Many farmers struggle on small plots with aging trees that are vulnerable to disease. Economic pressures mean that farmers are focused on the short term and are not able to invest in good farm management which would help them secure better quality, higher quantity yields in the long term. This quote from Nestle. com states the most apparent reason for the cocoa shortage, which are poor resources for farmers in other countries. The shortage of cocoa has caused the prices to increase continuously. Nestle is one of the world’s biggest buyers of cocoa, and it has pioneered advanced technology in cocoa and coffee for 30 years. Several years ago Nestle created â€Å"Th e Cocoa Plan† as part of its goal of Creating Shared Value for shareholders, employees, farmers, consumers, and the communities where it operates. The plan will improve sustainability of the cocoa (and coffee) supply. This plan is a long term solution, not just a quick fix. It requires a step-by-step approach and implementation process. Over the next 10 years, Nestle will invest CHF 110 million in plant science and sustainability initiatives for cocoa. There are five activities in their implementation plan. The first activity is plant expertise. Nestle has a research and development center in Abidjan in the Cote d’Ivoire in West Africa and also gives training to plant scientists in other cocoa producing countries such as Ecuador and Indonesia. During this first activity, â€Å"The Cocoa Plan† looks to improve quantity and quality of yields by bringing 12 million plantlets to producer countries. The second activity is farmer training and assistance. This process will attempt to improve yields and to ensure sustainability by teaching better farming methods. The third is improving the supply chain. This is a commitment by Nestle to buy beans strictly from farmers who use sustainable practice and to help cooperatives by speeding up the process from farm to shipping. The fourth is better social condition that looks to improve conditions where there is poor access to healthcare and education, and child labor. Nestle is partnered with the World Cocoa Foundation and others in order to achieve these improved conditions. The fifth and last activity is consumer communication. Consumer communication utilizes a Cocoa Plan logo and a Web site dedicated to inviting consumers to learn about the cocoa supply chain and Nestle’s work with farming communities. Our alternative solution comes in at activity one, plant expertise. Nestle could supply these countries with genetically modified seeds and fertilizer, such as the products produced by Monsanto Co. , in addition to supplying producer countries with plantlets. Monsanto uses two techniques to develop seeds that meet the needs of farmers. The first type is breeding the seeds delivering superior genetics, allowing farmers to get higher yields from each seed. The second type is inserting one or more genes into the seed, which in turn protects against insects, controls weeds, and yields are preserved through the growing season. Better seeds make crops healthier and easier to grow, which then allows farmers to be more effective when producing food, feed, and fuel. The benefits of farmers’ use of these products are the following: increased productivity and reduced costs, healthier crops that are easier to grow, conserved time and inputs, and possibly the most important to producer countries—improved protection from insects or disease and increasing crop tolerance to heat, drought, and other environmental stress. Monsanto also offers conservation tillage. Conservation tillage is a protective cover of mulch over crops when they are not in season. This cover holds soil in place, minimizes runoff, and decreases erosion drastically. An advantage to implementing this strategy into â€Å"The Cocoa Plan† would be decreased cost in cocoa due to increased production. By obtaining these suppliers through this plan, Nestle would gain a competitive edge over competitors in the industry by having the best, most efficient, cocoa producers. Another advantage is that it would help to expand environmental policies such as SAIN because it will increase efficiency and productivity. It would help to overcome some of the constraints. The plan would allow Nestle to keep an accurate trail of product quality information. Nestle would know the quality of the products by contributing to the production process. It could ensure the farmers know the proper way to produce quality cocoa. It would also help with the constraint of increasing costs. By increasing production and reducing the cost of cocoa, Nestle would be reducing input costs. A disadvantage to providing producer countries with seed products is Nestle’s cost of supplying the products. Nestle has a planned budget of CHF 110 million for cocoa and would use part of this budget to purchase the products. Another disadvantage would be that the existing decrease in brand loyalty would not be improved through these methods. The cost of the product could potentially even increase slightly. The key to overcoming this issue would be to advertise and demonstrate to cocoa consumers Nestle’s efforts and attempts to positively impact less fortunate countries. Customers are attracted when businesses help communities in need and know the money they spend on a product will benefit others in need. Alternative Two Nestle currently offers an athletic/ sports nutrition line of products geared towards â€Å"smart energy† production and endurance called PowerBar. Nestle bought PowerBar on February 22, 2000, in an effort to expand its influence in the sports nutrition industry as well as show its commitment to a healthy nutritious lifestyle for its consumers. PowerBar is the largest energy and nutrition bar business in the United States. The PowerBar brand is widely distributed and a recognized name in the sports nutrition industry, but it provides a relatively low variety of products and seems to only focus on one segment of the sports nutrition market. When compared to other suppliers such as Apex and GNC, it falls short on many levels. This is because PowerBar, while being a â€Å"smart energy† source, does not provide nearly the punch that the other brands offer. The competitors in this industry offer products for people looking to jump-start, reinvigorate, or maintain their fitness routine. Its products specifically focus on high protein intake, electrolyte replenishment, and natural vitamins, amino acids, and molecular combinations geared towards rapid absorption into the body’s functions. Nestle’s PowerBar products are mainly geared towards maintaining light to medium intensity fitness regimens and recreational activity. None of its products appeal to the avid sports enthusiast/ highly athletic consumer looking to increase their performance. There are four main categories of sports products: energy/protein bars, protein shakes, electrolyte replenishing sports drinks, and daily vitamin/nutrient packs. For example, GNC and Apex provide an array of energy bars ranging from high protein, endurance, and snack bars to meal replacement, and Pro performance bars. These energy bars all provide high protein content, amino complexes and rapid absorption properties, but only some are considered all natural or organic. While all of Nestle’s PowerBar products are considered all natural, its highest protein bar has only 10 grams of protein whereas GNC’s highest protein bar has more than three times the protein with 32 grams. Nestle’s PowerBar does not provide a line of protein shakes or vitamin packs. It has a line of powder sports drinks that nutritionally compare about evenly with competitors; however, it is a powder. It is not offered pre-mixed and bottled, so it will not be found at a local convenience store like Gatorade or Powerade. The sports nutrition market has continued to increase during the recession with an estimated growth of almost 7% in 2008. This development has been accredited to people trying to avoid pricey doctor visits by staying healthy as well as turning toward sports recreation as a substitute to pricier forms of entertainment. Despite the recession GNC saw an increase of 2. 5% in the first six months of 2009. Nestle’s PowerBar is a much larger company than GNC; however, GNC is just one of the many suppliers seeing market increases in this industry. This shows that the sports nutrition market is growing, and there is definitely room for expansion and the potential to increase profits even during the recession. We propose that Nestle use its PowerBar brand to create a specialized segment of sports nutrition that focuses on all natural, organic superior training products providing the same or more benefit than the competition. This new segment would provide a whole body plan that includes supercharged vitamin packs, energy drinks, and protein shakes and bars marketed towards the GNC high intensity athlete consumer. By increasing its product diversity and appealing to a larger group of consumers, PowerBar could begin creating higher brand loyalty and capture a larger share of the market. Currently, PowerBar is a product that is found only on the shelves of distributor stores, but with this expansion, it could eventually be its own store. Consumers could go to the PowerBar wellness and nutrition store and get outfitted with everything they need for any type of athletic life style and level of performance they desire. Success in this type of product has the potential to be a â€Å"flagship line† for Nestle that could bring focus to the whole Nestle company as a leader in all natural, healthy foods. There are several disadvantages that stem from this alternative. One disadvantage is an increase in cost to expand Nestle’s line and establish its own distribution stores in hopes of the market continuing to expand and the line gaining market share. PowerBar focuses on a segmented market and expanding the product line could potentially dilute Nestle’s image resulting in loss of brand loyalty from customers. Alternative Three One of Nestle’s most popular product lines is its pet care brands. Nestle owns many common household brands such as Purina, Beneful, and Alpo. It currently operates its dog food production factories in Venezuela, Thailand, and China. Quality standards in these countries fall below that of the United States, and as a result, there have been recent recalls of dog food produced by Nestle in these particular countries. Recentralizing production by returning to factories in the United States would prevent these problems from occurring due to superior production standards. The advantages of returning to U. S. -based production would be higher quality products and less risk of product recall due to contamination. Several disadvantages present themselves if Nestle recentralizes operations: First, there will be increased costs of labor, which in turn, causes increased production costs. Second, increased costs associated with exportation of goods to foreign markets.

Internet Retailer Price Points †Internet Marketing Research Paper (300 Level Course)

Internet Retailer Price Points – Internet Marketing Research Paper (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Internet Retailer Price Points Internet Marketing Research Paper (300 Level Course) A study was conducted by the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania; found that 87% of people strongly objected to internet retailers charging different consumers different prices based on information collected by the retailer about the consumers shopping habits. The internet allows consumers to price check and find the lowest price for the item they want to purchase. It also allows retailers to gather information about a consumers shopping habits and preferences and set prices for that consumer accordingly. An example of this was found on a retail photography site that charged different prices to different consumers based on whether or not the consumer had visited a price comparison site or not. If the consumer had been to a price comparison shop the web site offered lower prices. Amazon was caught doing this in September of 2000 when a consumer deleted their coding information off his computer and was then charged a higher price for an item. Amazon claimed it was a random price test and offered to refund customers who paid the higher prices. The price fixing by internet retailers is not well known to many internet consumers. The question the article raises is what consumers are going to do with the information that they are being tracked by internet retailers and possible charged different prices based on their shopping preferences. CNN. 1 June 2005. Washington (AP). 1 June 2005 . Research Papers on Internet Retailer Price Points - Internet Marketing Research Paper (300 Level Course)Definition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on Children

Why Thanksgiving Dinner Makes You So Sleepy

Why Thanksgiving Dinner Makes You So Sleepy Does a big turkey dinner make you sleepy? Unless a microwave dinner is your idea of a Thanksgiving feast, you probably have had firsthand experience with the after-dinner fatigue that sets in after the meal. Why do you want a nap? To escape the dishes? Perhaps, but the meal itself plays a big part in the way you feel. L-Tryptophan and Turkey The turkey is often cited as the culprit in after-dinner lethargy, but the truth is that you could omit the bird altogether and still feel the effects of the feast. Turkey does contain L-tryptophan, an essential amino acid with a documented sleep inducing effect. L-tryptophan is used in the body to produce the B-vitamin, niacin. Tryptophan also can be metabolized into serotonin and melatonin, neurotransmitters that exert a calming effect and regulates sleep. However, L-tryptophan needs to be taken on an empty stomach and without any other amino acids or protein in order to make you drowsy. Theres lots of protein in a serving of turkey and its probably not the only food on the table. Its worth noting that other foods contain as much or more tryptophan than turkey (0.333 g of tryptophan per 100-gram edible portion), including chicken (0.292 g of tryptophan per 100-gram edible portion), pork, and cheese. As with turkey, other amino acids are present in these foods besides tryptophan, so they dont make you sleepy. L-Tryptophan and Carbohydrates L-tryptophan may be found in turkey and other dietary proteins, but its actually a carbohydrate-rich (as opposed to protein-rich) meal that increases the level of this amino acid in the brain and leads to serotonin synthesis. Carbohydrates stimulate the pancreas to secrete insulin. When this occurs, some amino acids that compete with tryptophan leave the bloodstream and enter muscle cells. This causes an increase in the relative concentration of tryptophan in the bloodstream. Serotonin is synthesized and you feel that familiar sleepy feeling. Fats Fats slow down the digestive system, giving Thanksgiving dinner plenty of time to take effect. Fats also take a lot of energy to digest, so the body will redirect blood to your digestive system to tackle the job. Since you have less blood flow elsewhere, you will feel less energetic after eating a meal rich in fats. Alcohol Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. If alcoholic beverages are part of the holiday celebration, then they will add to the nap-factor. Overeating It takes a great deal of energy to digest a large meal. When your stomach is full, blood is directed away from other organ systems, including your nervous system. The result? You will feel the need to snooze after any big meal, particularly if it is high in fats and carbohydrates. Relaxation Although many people find the holidays stressful, the most relaxing part of the festivities is likely to be the meal. No matter what you may have been doing throughout the day, Thanksgiving dinner provides an opportunity to sit back and relax a feeling that can carry over after the meal. So, why are you sleepy after a big turkey dinner? Its a combination of the type of food, amount of food, and celebratory atmosphere. Happy Thanksgiving!

Model Arch Bridge and tha Design Improvement Essay - 2

Model Arch Bridge and tha Design Improvement - Essay Example Bridges are designed to withstand both live and dead loads. Dead loads are loads that do not change, such as the structure’s weight. These include the sidewalks, deck, railings, and the concrete or steel load-carrying members. Dead loads account for the considerable and significant percentage of stress in load carrying members. The second load, live load, changes; the change can be due to decreased or increased pedestrian and traffic loading. When designing a bridge, safety and strength of the structure are the most important considerations. The shape and overall design of the bridge were decided by the group. The shape of the bridge was sketched to full size on a white piece of paper. The sketch was used in to guide the popsicle sticks as shown in figure 2. The last step was to glue popsicle sticks on beams of the deck in order to come up with a bridge deck. The final structure is shown in figure 4. The whole procedure was carried on the first and second final structures. The first bridge weighed 193.6 grams while the second one was 245.1 grams. The first bridge supported a maximum load of 6,613 grams, concentrated at mid-span, while the second was 21, 818 grams. The loads to weight ratio of the first and second bridge were 34.2 and 89.0 respectively. Arch increase stability as it provides resistance to the forces that act in the bending of the bridge. The weight is redirected from members to ends of the bridge by arches; hence forces are evenly distributed for the better structure as shown in figure 5. The second bridge was strengthened in areas that loads were concentrated, that is at abutments and load points. The second bridge was also reinforced to increase their strength triangular shapes were used in preventing rectangles from leaning. A top lateral bracing was used in the prevention of buckling sideways during loading due to compression members like the top chord.

Business Plan on The Fitness Club Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Plan on The Fitness Club - Essay Example The paper tells that the Fitness Club will provide workout and various fitness routines. It will also help develop individual diet plans for its members. Health clubs and gyms business is booming all over the world and UK is no exception. People are getting interested in losing weight and eating healthy. Staying in shape and looking ‘good’ is the new trend and people are willing to invest money in their health plans and the Fitness Club is here to help them. What sets this club apart from other health clubs is the variety it offers at a very low cost. It can be afforded by people from all walks of life. They not only get the place to get in shape but coaches customize their diet plans and encourage them to keep up with the schedule. The coaches and nutritionists at this club are highly qualified and experienced in their respective fields. They have helped so many people achieve their dream body figure. Other than the fitness trend, the fact that a huge market area is til l untapped justifies this business plan. People are also joining health clubs to stay away from obesity and its related diseases. According to a survey, 17% of boys and 16% of the girls in UK between ages 12-15, have some form of obesity (BBC, 2012). That is why it is a great opportunity to cash in this factor and get people motivated to achieve a healthy life style and this club exactly does that. Competitors in the health and fitness industry mostly ignore low income people and a perception has started to develop that health and fitness clubs are only for rich people. ... This perception is completely wrong and needs to be taken off the market. Even though the fitness market is extremely competitive but there is a lot of room for growth. Health awareness and fashion clothing are the main contributors towards motivating people to join health clubs. State of the art equipment will be available for all members of The Fitness Club. Financial Highlights Start-up Costs Expected Growth in Revenue Expected Growth in Profit Company Description 1.1 Company Overview The Fitness Club will start its central office in Bicester Oxon, UK this June 2012. Later on, more branches will be opened throughout UK starting from Edinburg. The company is also looking forward to opening health centres in areas of UK that haven’t been tapped by fitness industry. The Fitness club is planning to provide great quality fitness services at extremely competitive costs. The objective is to appeal to the affordability of the customers so that people from all walks of life could jo in in. 1.2 Mission & Vision Vision: To create sentience among people about healthy lifestyle. Mission: To provide custom made exercises and meal plans for the mass market. 1.3 Strengths and Competencies State of the art fitness equipment available to use at the lowest price Highly qualified and experienced trainers and nutritionists Dedicated staff that actually inspires and motivates people 1.4 Challenges Despite of having the advantage of highly qualified coaches and nutritionists, there are few competitors that can cause neck to neck competition. The Fitness Club will have to plan its strategy of promotion and marketing by keeping an eye on ‘The Fitness Company’, which operates exactly in the same area where the central office will be built

Mental Models and Mindsets Paper Essay Example for Free

Mental Models and Mindsets Paper Essay This work OI 361 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Mental Models and Mindsets Paper consists of the following parts: 1. Introduction 2. Power and Limits of Models 3. Testing the Relevance of the Models 4. Overcoming Inhibitors 5. Implementing the Model General Questions General General Questions Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper based on the organization your team selected for your Benefits and Drivers Proposal. Identify and explain how the four steps to change the mental models and mindsets can help your selected organization. Does a schedule or a routine work best for your family? A schedule is a plan set by time, while a routine is something habitual. Routines are more flexible than what a schedule is. Find what will work best for your family and get started with it as soon as possible.

The Impact of the System of Patronage Upon Works of Art Essay examples

The Impact of the System of Patronage Upon Works of Art During the Renaissance, the system of patronage came into being, mainly as a reflection of the increasing capitalist emphasis being placed on life in Renaissance Italy, most notably in Florence. In its very nature as a commercial, capitalist place, Renaissance Italy was a hugely competitive place. It was therefore not surprising that works of art were very often commissioned for competitive reasons. During the Renaissance, art was not just as we think of it today, as an expressive, interesting creation. Art was a focal point of society, and a very powerful tool that powerful people used to gain an advantage. Discarding the effects it had on society for a moment, it was the key feature of the Renaissance. In earlier times, art had less status. However, mirroring the economic development of the time, art became the thing to spend money on, for various reasons. Money lay at the centre of art, and that is why patronage is so important. The system of patronage is a wide term and therefore there are a number of influences to consider when answering this question. Among them are the glory of the family; the honour of the city; the increasing economic power of individuals and groups; and the classical legacy that influenced art so much. Although in the later Renaissance time, Rome became increasingly involved (with the Pope's influence), Florence and Venice were the two leading protagonists as centres of culture in the earlier years. Not surprisingly, they were also the two leading cities economically. The two cities heavily competed with the other; honour was of primal importance. As merchants and artists were encouraged to travel as much as possible, innovative ideas in pieces from other cities quickly became incorporated into artists' own city. For example, after the death of Savonarola, Florence sought to make her constitution much more similar to Venice's. As a reflection of this, a large room in the palace of the signoria was designed to act and look like Venetian Hall of the Great Council and two huge frescoes were commissioned, one by Leonardo, the other by Michelangelo. By commissioning their own great works of art, smaller states could quickly achieve prominence and be "put on the map". Padua and Mantua were two lesser states at the beginning of the Renais... ...is was the greatest period in the history of art because of the healthy economic situation of Renaissance Italy. The rich did not save their money. Art was the thing to spend disposable income on. It was a way of showing wealth and gaining prestige and influence. Without patronage and consumer demand, being an artist could not have been a profession. In the Renaissance, wealth was power. And wealth was shown through owning works of art. So, as has been seen, the system of patronage was extremely important in Renaissance Italy. It brought with it mixed blessings for artists. On the one hand, it gave them the income to support themselves and continue to produce works. On the other hand, though, it could be very constrictive on what the artist could produce, and could even sometimes decide the quality of a work. But ultimately it can be said that the art patronage allowed the Renaissance to be remembered as a golden age in history and a way of distinguishing the period from the Middle Ages. Patronage did effect works of art, but there is little evidence supporting a theory that it stopped the art of the time being as beautiful and expressive as it could have been.

Advertising: the Magazine Game Informer

Informer an advertisement for Old Spice caught my eye. The reason for this was because it was large scale, in your face, and took up two pages. The way that this ad established and reinforced the brand name was very clever. The ad used very neutral, warm welcoming colors such as dark orange, and blue with bold white text. This seems to be a typical old spice ad in my eyes. I say this because the way old spice portrays its self is humorous but at the same time, without a doubt seriously manly.This is an obvious point, because in the add the man is covered in the old spice foaming body wash while riding a giant crow away from the sunset while being struck by lighting. This makes a very bold point that it is the manly of manliest body washes. This is apparent because not any average man could tackle riding a giant crow as well as a substantial lightning strike all while covered in a foamy blanket of body wash. When it comes to the question of what I think they are trying to create, I be lieve they are trying to portray this superior man of men image.I am able to link this ad with others that I have seen for old spice in the same manner. Such as a commercial I remember about â€Å"the man that your man could smell like† the slogan of the ad is that â€Å"We're not saying this body wash will make your man into a romantic millionaire jet fighter pilot, but we are insinuating it. † This reinforces my point that the company Old Spice is trying to create a superior image that their body wash represents. Back to the magazine ad, I feel that creating this superior image targets young as well as older men.They appear cool to a younger age group while also targeting a more middle age group that represents everything they could have been in their lives, but can be by using their body wash so as insinuated in the commercial I talked about previously. The placement of this ad in the magazine is more towards the end. The ad itself is outlined by a white border, whi ch complements the bold large white text. The man riding the massive bird takes up one page while a close up of the mans face takes up the other half.This is important because I believe that they are trying to show what the man is capable of by showing him riding the bird while holding the body wash, while on the other half of the ad they show a close up of his face, which displays confidence. You can tell this by his facial expression. He seems sympathetic but also sincere at the same time. While on the other hand he is riding the bird with a yelling face, such as athletes do when they are getting â€Å"pumped† up. This is relevant because this is an NFL endorsed ad.I believe that this can also portray two sides to the body wash, such as confident and outgoing but also compassionate. This may also have to do with the scent â€Å"showtime† that they are advertising. Which probably has to do with meaning business. This ad influences me, and attracts me to their product because I feel that this scent will make me feel as if I am more confident and ready for business, or â€Å"showtime. † This is something that is important to many people as well as me.If I am feeling good about myself and how I smell, I may be more apt to be more outgoing and in a better mood throughout my day or night. I feel like people are looking for products that give them more drive. I say this because that is something that I look for, such as more appeal and confidence. Overall, I believe that this ad is trying to impose the â€Å"coolness† that everyone wants. They are able to do this by showing two different sides of a person through this two page-spanning ad designed around the scent â€Å"showtime. This is represented through the warm subtle colors surrounding the ad, with the popping lightning bolt striking the man and the body wash bottle in the background. Which is displaying the more confident outgoing side of the scent. These are important characteri stics, because when it comes to smelling right it is very important. People do not want over dominating scents, they want scents that attract others, and give them a new sense of achievement and accomplishment like old spice portrays this scent to be.

Importance of dreams in the novel of ‘Mice and Men’ Essay

The novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, written by John Steinbeck is a truly fascinating novel based upon the theme of dreams. This novel was published in 1937, which was towards the end of ‘The Great Depression’ that hit the United States. The novel was set in Soledad, California, during the same time period as published. This was an era in which the economy collapsed; many Americans lost their jobs, therefore leading into a lot of poverty and despair. Although many people were depressed, this was also the era of dreams. This is what Steinbeck’s novel is all about, dreams during the great depression. Dreams were very important in the novel. They played a huge role in the character’s lives, affected their behaviors, as well as their personalities. Steinbeck uses dreams as a tool to enrich the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’; therefore he emphasizes their importance throughout the novel by making them the main theme. Dreams have a rather important role in the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’. The whole novel is based around dreams, as well as decisions that were made according to these dreams. The author, John Steinbeck has emphasized this by the plot of the novel, the character’s personalities, as well as their actions. The plot of the novel is based on two characters that were chasing their dreams. These characters are Lennie and George, who left a town called Weed because they got in trouble. They were searching for a job, in order to get better paid, which will help them achieve their dream, ‘The American Dream’. The American dream is a dream shared by many of the characters in the novel, it is the desire to have a happy life, be part of a family, have a stable job, and maybe even own some land. Page 47 of chapter 3 gives an insight why the characters Lennie and George left Weed. It turns out Lennie was accused of raping a woman, George said â€Å"Well, that girl rabbits in an’ tells the law she been raped. The guys in Weed start a party out to lynch Lennie†¦ An’ that night we scrammed outta there.† The characters left Weed because Lennie was in trouble. However, he didn’t want to go to jail; he’d rather chase his dream, which he shares with his lifelong pal George. So instead they make  the decision to leave Weed, and head to Soledad. The characters’ personalities are affected by their dreams, and so are their actions. Their dreams weaken them, which results in them doing things that they end up regretting just for the sake of attempting to make their dream come true. Although dreams can be a source of strength for the characters, they contribute a great deal in their weaknesses, which is what leads to their fatal actions. In chapter five, Lennie and Curley’s wife were confessing their dreams to one another. Curley’s wife stayed longer than she should have with Lennie, because he was a man and during that time period women were not permitted to interact with men, especially if the woman was married. However, she made that decision because she dreamed of having a friendship. Lennie said, â€Å"Well, I ain’t supposed to talk to you or nothing.† â€Å"I get lonely,† She said â€Å"You can talk to people, but I can’t talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad, How’d you like not to talk to anybody?† (Chapter five, page 98). Clearly Curley’s wife felt extremely lonely, empty, and sad. Even though she made a bad decision, she chose to stay longer and risk the consequences in order to achieve one of her desirers, even if it was for a little while. It was her weakness, and when she got a chance she grasped it without thinking. It was almost as though she lost her sanity. Later through that chapter, Lennie physically hurt Curley’s wife. She screamed, thus he made the decision to cover her mouth in attempt to stop her from screaming. He feared if George hears her screaming and finds out so he would get mad. Consequently, Lennie wouldn’t be able to join George in owning some land, tending rabbits, and living their dreams. â€Å"She screamed then, and Lennie’s other hand closed over her mouth and nose†. Lennie said â€Å"Oh! Please don’t do that!† George’ll be mad†¦ George gonna say I done a bad thing. He ain’t gonna let me tend no rabbits†¦ You gonna get me in trouble jus’ like George says you will.† â€Å"And she continued to struggle, and her eyes were wild with terror. He shook her then, and he was angry with her†¦ he shook her; and her body flopped like a fish. And then she was still, for Lennie had broken her neck.†(Chapter 5, page 103). Lennie killed Curleyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s wife, because he didn’t want her to stand in the way of his dreams. Due to the fact that his dream blinded him, he couldn’t differentiate between  what’s right or wrong. He chose his actions carelessly. Achieving his dream was his priority, so much so that he sacrificed a human being for nothing to stand in his way. Not only did dreams have a key role in the novel, dreams also played an important role in the characters’ lives. Dreams were a crucial part of the characters’ lives. The characters were not living the life they craved, and it is safe to say that a few of them were depressed. However, their dreams were a source of motivation to them. In chapter one, on page 15, George said â€Å"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place. . . With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don’t have to sit in no bar room blowin’ in our jack jus’ because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.† It can be noted through this quote, the fact that George truly believes in his dream, and how it will keep him motivated. Not only does it make him not want to give up on his dreams, it also makes him strive and work harder to achieve his goals. Moreover, having dreams, and goals, brought the characters happiness. This is because their dreams give them an image of a better life, and what it would be like. In chapter one, George and Lennie were feeling down and they were upset over the limited amount of food they had, but then they cheer themselves up by reminding themselves of the bright future that would lay ahead for them. George said â€Å"Someday- we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs, and –† â€Å"An’ live off the fatta the lan’† Lennie shouted. â€Å"we’ll have a vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens. And when it rains in winter, we’ll just say the hell with goin’ to work† said George (chapter one, page 16). George and Lennie spoke with enthusiasm; this indicates how much happiness their dreams bring them. Obviously, dreams had a major impact on the characters’ lives; therefore they were a major aspect of the novel. Not only do dreams impact the characters’ lives, but they also affect several characters in the novel. Dreams had a role in molding the characters. They had an effect on the characters personalities, behavior, dialogue, as well as their decisions. As  stated before, characters made their dreams their priority; this automatically changed the way they thought. Therefore, their behavior changed. The characters only said what would benefit them, and eventually tried to refrain from saying anything that could cause trouble, so that impacted their dialogue. Their dreams also affected their decisions because they either didn’t want to cause trouble so they decided not to do some things, while other characters were blinded by their dreams so they made reckless decisions while trying to achieve their dreams. George’s personality was affected by his dreams. One can see this by his behavior and his dialogue. For example, in chapter 2 (page 28) when Curly lashes at George because he was answering all of the questions that were asked to Lennie, Curly rudely says â€Å"By Christ, he’s gotta talk when he’s spoke to. What the hell are you getting’ into it for?† George didn’t lash back at him, instead he replied coldly; this symbolizes George’s patience towards people, even the rudest people just for the sake of his dream. If he stirred up a fight with Curly just to gain back his dignity he would have gotten fired from his job, but instead he spoke coldly because he couldn’t risk losing his dream or doing anything that could possibly threatens it. Another character whose personality has been affected by his dreams was Crooks. However, unlike the others, Crooks’ personality is greatly affected. Crooks’ dream has a different effect on him. It brings him misery, because he once had everything and now he lost it all. Although, he has accepted that fact that his dream is unattainable, he may still have a little bit of hope. However he has accepted his fate better than the rest of the characters who seem to be unable to accept the reality that their dreams would most likely not come true. As a result, he is bitter and he has isolated himself from everyone. It has drastically affected his personality and his attitude towards life. He knows he won’t have his ‘Happily ever after’; therefore he doesn’t look forward to what the future would bring. â€Å" I ain’t a southern Negro†¦ I was born right here in California. My old man had a chicken ranch, ‘bout ten acres. The white kids come to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them, and some of them was pretty nice. My ol’ man didn’t like that. I never knew till long later†¦ but now I know † (Chapter 4, page 79). Although this quote starts off as a happy  story, it doesn’t have a happy ending. In fact, it’s heartbreaking. Nevertheless from this quote, it can be understood that Crooks had a taste of ‘The American Dream’, but then he lost it. In addition, the color of his skin puts him down even though he was literate, and educated. Crooks wanted to belong somewhere, he wanted to have friends, he wanted for life to be as simple as it was when he wa s younger, but he knows that the odds aren’t in his favor. That’s why he isn’t the nicest person, and he has isolated himself from everyone else. In chapter four when Lennie came to see Crooks, at first he shut Lennie out, because of the rules he had to oblige and because he knows what it feels like to have friends and loose them. As one of his dreams was to have a friend, he compromised and he let Lennie accompany him while the others were gone. â€Å"Lennie smiled helplessly in an attempt to make friends. Crooks said sharply â€Å"You got no right to come in my room. This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here but me†¦ I ain’t wanted in the bunkhouse, and you ain’t wanted in my room† â€Å"Why ain’t you wanted† Lennie asked. â€Å"†Cause I’m black. They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black. They say I stink. Well, I tell you, you all stink to me†¦ well, what do you want?† â€Å"Nothing- I just seen you light. I thought I could jus’ come in an’ set.† Crooks stared at Lennie†¦ Crooks scowled, but Lennie’s disarming smile defeated him. â€Å"Come on in and set a while† Crooks said â€Å"Long as you won’t get out and leave me alone, you might as well set down.† (Chapter 4, pages 77-78). Finally, the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a truly spectacular novel by John Steinbeck. The theme of dreams was very important during the course of the novel. All the main events in the novel were caused in relation to someone’s dream, and the sacrifices they had to make in order to achieve it. Additionally, dreams were equally important because they played a big role in the characters’ lives. The characters in the novel use dreams to motivate them through their tough lives, and through the great depression. The characters were also greatly affected by their dreams. For some of the characters, their dream was their weakness and they would literally kill to achieve it. For others it was a source of happiness, while for many of the characters their dream was both their weakness and their source of happiness. All of these three points are what made the theme of dreams such  an important part of the novel. The theme of dreams is what makes the novel ‘Of Mi ce and Men’ so fascinating. Dreams controlled all of the main events, as they were significant in the lives of the characters, their behavior, their ups and downs, as well as their fates.

Free sample - Access to Law. translation missing

Access to Law. Access to LawFreedom is not worth having if it does not connote freedom to err. It passes my comprehension how human beings, be they so ever experienced and able can delight in depriving other human beings of that precious right. You must not lose hope in humanity. Humanity is an ocean, if few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty. (Mahatma Gandhi). Throughout human history mighty voices indeed have emerged to grace and offer fulfillment and hope to those struggling under the yoke of suppression. Their legacies will shape and impact our lives for decades to come. If freedom means doing what we should rather than to do whatever we want, who decides what we should do and does any man have the right to impose that on others? (Pope John Paul) There is no point in one having freedom if it fails to represent freedom for all in an equal manner. How is it that people are ever so clever, yet enjoy taking away another’s right? You should not lose hope in the human race, as there are so many of us and we are not all the same. We are like a bag of apples; picking one bad apple from the bag does not mean that they are all bad. Throughout history, there have been many role models who have fought for equality and hope for many deprived people. They have become legends and have had a strong impact on many people’s lives today. Could it be that we as humans have never been allowed to experience freedom without sacrificing the little that we contain. Initially I will look at Gandhi the Mahatma and analyze a bit of his history and the impact he has on the nation today. Further, I will be analyzing ones freedom and entitlement to it. Lastly I will give my views on being allowed to exercise their personal rights. Regarded as the father of hope, Gandhi the Mahatma is one of the most celebrated individuals who have played a major role in the fight for the less fortunate and minority in the society, giving inspiration by his words of wisdom and actions alike, Brown( 2001, P. 22) Wolpert ( 2004,p. 43). He was among the few respectable individuals who walked the talk. Though born in a wealthy Hindu family, Mahatma Gandhi lowered himself from the glory status that his birthright had placed on him to the â€Å"grass† level where the majority of the people occupied. He played a major role in advocating for the rights of the less fortunate in the society and he participated in war without any weaponry but with his words full of wisdom and people empowerment. One of his famous quotes relates with his general perception and believes on humanity. He presented his argument in the context of freedom. He famously said, â€Å"Freedom is not worth having if it does not connote freedom to err. It passes my comprehension how human beings, be they so ever experienced and able can delight in depriving other human beings of that precious right. You must not lose hope in humanity. Humanity is an ocean, if few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty† Erikson (2005, p. 77) Chadha (2007, 90). This is a question that one would ask, is everyone entitled to freedom? And what is freedom. Freedom can be looked at in various perspectives. Fundamentally we see that the system is designed in such a way that it segregates against others either based on their skin color or race and ethnicity, their position in society, religion, gender, age, and any other variable that a socio-economist might take into account when analyzing the social status of individuals. Here we see people expected to act and live in a given lifestyle that is acceptable to the given system or the code of conduct that governs a given society of community. Such defined code of operations clearly embeds mechanisms of dealing with cases of deviation from the norm. The argument of existence of freedom is one of the most debatable concepts in human life. We witness cases where the systems have very stringent rules such that people’s options are so limited such that whenever one does something considered to be out of the norm he or she is punished or sometimes expelled from the system. Most people have died as a result of doing things against the rules or code of ethics defined in any given system such incidences can really bring the question into further scrutiny on whether really freedom exists. I believe people should be allowed to exercise their personal rights and do what they want to do as long as the repercussions are within their area of jurisdiction. Such acts will lead to people learning from others mistakes and also device a mechanism of overcoming such challenges. It will be essential for every system to be open in such a way that the members are allowed to always challenge the status quo and also be able to positively criticize where possible. Existences of closed systems have promoted suffering among many members of the society and such acts have to be condemned. The legacies of the heroes like Mahatma Gandhi and many other advocates of human life is the living example that drives us to the believe that any system should be able to allow the citizens to exercise their right and thus the need for the creation of the fundamental environment that allows people to freely live whenever they want, however they want and with whoever they want as long as the choices do no breach other people’s freedom. Reference Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Chadha, Yogesh. Gandhi: A Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2007. Erikson, Erik. H. Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. New York: Norton, 2009. Wolpert, Stanely. Gandhi’s Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

Hill Surname Meaning and Origin

Hill Surname Meaning and Origin There are several possible origins for the common HILL surname. The most common origin of the surname Hill is as a topographic or place name for one who lives on or near a hill, derived from the Old English hyll.A corruption of the German hild, meaning battle.From the medieval given name Hill, a short form of the personal name Hilary, from the Latin hilaris, meaning cheerful or glad. Hill is the 31st most popular surname in the United States and the 19th most common surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings: Hills, Hille, Hyll, Hylle, Hille Hillemann, Hillmann, Hilmann Where People With the Surname Live According to surname distribution data from  Forebears, Hill  is most prevalent in the United States, where one in 699 people bears the name (ranking it 37th most common). Hill is also a common last name in England (36th), Australia (35th), New Zealand (34th), Wales (32nd), Canada (70th) and Scotland (89th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  identifies the Hill surname as especially common in Nova Scotia, Canada, as well as New Zealand, and the West Midlands district of the United Kingdom. Within England, Hill is found most prevalently in Birmingham, Worchestershire, Herefordshire, Derbyshire, and Somerset. Famous People James J. Hill  - Railroad magnate responsible for expanding railways into the U.S. Northwest during the late 19th century.Benny Hill  - British actor and comedianSteven Hill  - Jewish-American actor best  known for his roles in Mission Impossible and on Law Order.Sir Geoffrey William Hill - British poet Genealogy Resources Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hill family crest or coat of arms for the Hill surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   If youre looking for ancestors or interested in connecting with others who share the last name Hill, the following resources can help: HILL Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Hill surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Hill genealogy query.FamilySearch: Explore over 9  million historical records which mention individuals with the Hill  surname and variants, as well as online Hill family trees.HILL Surname and Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Hill surname. Sources Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Advertising,Sales and Promotion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Advertising,Sales and Promotion - Assignment Example e border and the Welsh Development Agency says this will ensure businesses will benefit from some of the billions it costs to stage the event.A spokesman for the London Olympic bid said that facilities including Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, the National Velodrome in Newport and the National Pool in Swansea would be ideal bases for athletes to acclimatize ahead of the games.Many small businesses, especially micro businesses of fewer than five employees, and new businesses struggling to start and to grow, did not always know a lot about what IT could do for them or how to use it to best effect.The programme is in three sections. One is about emails, scanning documents and using email rather than fax. Ecommerce is about doing more business using a website, for example enabling billing and payment to be done online. Those who don't have websites can be shown how to set them up."Initial estimates suggest the Games will attract additional spending by visitors of 187 million in London. A L ondon Games will require a workforce of 67,000 and approximately 3,500 "job years" would be created during the event itself"1. There is no doubt that the staging of the Olympic Games in London in 2012 will lead to a major capital programme as well as

Critical review of Narratives of Islamic Origins, The beginnings of Essay

Critical review of Narratives of Islamic Origins, The beginnings of Islamic Historical writing, by Fred M Donner. On Introducti - Essay Example Donner succinctly outlines some of the main problems with the early Islamic sources in his introduction: ‘Chronological discrepancies and absurdities abound, as do flat contradictions in the meaning of events, or even, less frequently, on their fundamental course. Many accounts present information that seems clearly anachronistic; others provide ample evidence of embellishment or outright invention to serve the purpose of political or religious apologetic’ (6). The late Albrecht Noth opened the debate which challenged the conventional, almost literal approach to the Islamic source material in 1973, arguing that many of the accounts were merely anecdotes and themes used by the authors in the contexts they thought appropriate. In this latest work, Donner has built heavily on the work of the latter. Wansbrough produced a more radical critique in 1977, which was developed by Crone and Cook. They asserted that many of the established ‘truths’ concerning the Proph et’s lifetime could not be taken for granted. ... Narratives of Islamic Origins, from the introduction to the conclusion, Donner makes clear that he is an opponent of Crone’s Hagarism, which he refers to as the radically ‘skeptical’ approach. Much of the introduction of devoted to this refutation. Even from this summary, it is clear that the history of early Islam is one of the most bitterly-contested fields in modern historiography, and due to the polarisation of the debate, it is unlikely to be smoothed over in the near future. With his contribution, Donner can scarcely have been hoping to categorically resolve any of the issues at stake. However, in a way somewhat similar to the work of Robert Hoyland, Donner is beginning to build a middle ground in the debate, in which the Islamic sources need not be rejected or passionately advocated, but can be included in a careful and scholarly analysis of the period. Donner’s Narratives of Islamic Origins is just that – a comprehensive and thoroughly schola rly analysis to a wide body of primary sources, which adds little new to the overarching debate, but does distil some important issues. We are concerned in this review with the introduction of the book, which offers a basic summary of Donner’s main argument, and the preoccupations which have motivated the study, and with chapter 5, entitled, ‘Themes of Prophecy’. The introduction focuses on the intellectual context of early Islam, and especially on the key issue of establishing the Quran as a text which existed in some form from the earliest period. This is obviously crucial to the way in which we view this document. Those who tended towards Crone’s view argue that the Quran is a later construction, put together from legendary sayings of the Prophet. It is held by this school to be a collection of sayings

Effectivenes of vitamin D and calcium in preventing falls Essay

Effectivenes of vitamin D and calcium in preventing falls - Essay Example The costs of falls management by the NHS have been increasing steadily and it is apprehended that by 2015 there will be 120,000 cases of fall each year (NHS report 2005). Computerized searches of the following data bases were carried out EMBASE, Medline, Cinahal, Cochrane Library Systematic review, BMJ, PubMed, NHS Economic Evaluation, NHS National Library for Health, Health Techonologly Assessment data base, Cochrane register of controlled Trials, Google Scholar, Google, Ovid, Proquest, British nursing index and Reference list from review articles. Relevant randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, meta analysis in which vitamin D or Vitamin D plus calcium was given and reduction of falls and fractures or prevention of falls and fractures was reported as the primary or secondary outcome. Male and female, male or female community dwelling older adults>60 who participated in randomized control studies that examined the effectiveness of vitamin D and or vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of falls and fractures Of the 10 articles that met the inclusion criteria the majority reviewed showed positive results on the supplementation of vitamin D or vitamin D plus calcium regimen reduced the risk of falls among older adults. In a pooled analysis of the 5 randomised control studies included in this study vitamin D therapy of (200-1000 IU) and calcium significantly resulted in the reduction of falls with an odds ratio of 0.814 in a 95% confidence interval of 0.715 – 0.926. I would like to acknowledge my son Jerome Scott for helping me with the typing of my notes. I would also like to acknowledge the help and support given to me by my colleagues at work whilst undertaking this course. Falls among the elderly is a major health and social care concern in the United Kingdom. According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation (2009), one in every two women and one in every

The Role Of Patriarchy In Female Characters English Literature Essay

The Role Of Patriarchy In Female Characters English Literature Essay A similarity exists in both the authors writing which is in disagreement to the dominant culture and the standard societal ideas of their time. This is shown by the two modern works which I will be analyzing; Isabel Allendes The House of Spirits and A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen which develop the conflict of gender roles in their works. Both authors use in my opinion an authentic female character(s) and that by the end despite the male domination are able to rebel against societal norm only to be viewed as the protagonist of the play or novel. Allendes novel recounts the story of Estaban Trueba, his wife and children. With the story spanning three generations is off of political corruption, feminine oppression and the movement from old to new. Allende examines and reveals the internal conflict of turmoil, oppression and torture of the female characters in particular. Women have generally been considered silent figures, submissive to the patriarchal powers that govern their society. Neither Allende nor Ibsen attempt to reproduce the culturally ordained silence; instead, both re inscribe female silence as a means for female empowerment which leads to their eventual freedom. The period, in which the novel was written, women were confined by traditional gender roles, with most women performing the work traditionally designated for women: marriage and family, or, if employed outside the home, teaching. Isabel Allende strongly believes that empowerment leads to the strength and freedom of a woman; and these views were shared by Henrik Ibsen as this concept echoes throughout their works. From the early sections of the novel, both Nivea and Clara are involved in the suffragette movement and this was not granted to women until 1949. Their participation in the Suffragette group would have been considered socially unacceptable as the right of voting would only be given to the male members, establishing from the very start that Chile is a patriarchal society. Allende tries to establish that empowerment comes through force of conviction, and uses Nivea as an example to show this. We see that women such as Nivea who have acted against societys norm by fighting for political rights go further than those women who accept their traditional role of subservience and remain staunch in their conservatism. They are shown to finish their days alone and mostly forgotten as is seen with Ferula and Nana. The portrayal of Nivea and her funeral which was attended by many is in direct contrast with that of Nana and Ferula. It is quoted that with Nana None of the many children she had raised with so much love attended her funeral.(P 17). Nana is said to have: been born to cradle other peoples children, wear their hand-me-down clothing, eat their left overs, live on borrowed happiness and grief, grow old beneath other peoples roofs die one day in her miserable little room in the far courtyard in a bed that did not belong to her, and be buried in a common grave in a public cemetery.(P 57) Allende uses Nana to sadly reflect on the women who meekly accept their defined role in society of the time. Allende does not only express empowerment through conviction but also through commercial enterprise as seen with Transito Soto. At the start of the novel Esteban lends her 50 pesos allowing her to seek out a career, but by the end of the novel the tide turns and the arrogant sexist Esteban comes to her to beg a favor. Again, by women taking chances and setting goals and dreams which society restricts them from having end up being successful. Allende shoots her views to the reader through her writing by using these female characters to represent Allendes own brand of feminism. Allende establishes early in her novel that when the family was warned of Claras nine-year silence and psychokinetic skills, Trueba considers the prolonged silencea virtue (88). Such a reading of muted female voice is constant in Latin American culture. However we see that the protagonists of the novel are all women who work in different and subtle ways to assert their rights breaking this silence in an assertive manner to get what they want and need in life. Still, . Clara, Blanca, and Alba remain the focus of the story, while Esteban, Pedro Tercero, and Miguel though the males and automatically assumed superiors of society enter the story only because they are the men those women love or marry. Though they are women and regarded as inferiors to society The House of the Spirits shows that this does not mean that men accomplish things and change things while women do not. On the contrary, the women in The House of the Spirits have a more long-lasting effect and create more drastic changes than any of the men do. This has been done by disapproved behavior such as Nivea and her movement or Transito and the prostitute business while the men lead revolutions that topple governments, those revolutions are themselves quickly toppled. Henrik Ibsens play A Dolls House chronicles the attempts of one woman to find freedom in a patriarchal society. The feminist issues in A Dolls House seem almost contemporary, although it was written more than a century ago. Like Allende Dolls House challenges these patriarchal views and shows the audience a fresh perspective on a womans life. Many women could relate to Noras situation and like Nora, they felt trapped in a dolls house by their husbands and their fathers; however, they believed that the rules of society prevented them from stepping out of the shadows of men. Through this play, Ibsen stresses the importance of womens individuality and like Allende Ibsen uses his characters of the play help to support his strong opinions. Noras initial characteristics are that of a bubbly, child-like wife who is strictly dependent on her husband. This subordinate role from which Nora progresses emphasizes the need for change in societys view of women. For Nora, her inferior, doll-like nature is a facade for a deeper passion for individuality that begins to surface during the play and eventually fully emerges in the ending. An example of this deep yearning for independence is shown when Nora tells her friend, Kristina Linde about earning her own money by doing copying. Nora explains, It was tremendous fun sitting [in her room] working and earning money she says; It was almost like being a man (162) Such comments reveal Ibsens presentation of women to be positive; Nora enjoyed working because it empowered her, and whilst accepting the situations of the time, Ibsen portrays women as active, and struggling in an unequal system. The sheltered, feeble wife proves to be a resourceful masculine life-provider, in literally sav ing Torvalds life. In many instances Nora deceives her husband, even though Nora seeks to be independent, she uses her role of obedience to her advantage and does this by deceiving Torvald into thinking that she can do little on her own, she ensures that he never suspects her of forging her fathers name to borrow 800 cronen from Krogstad in order to save Torvalds life. When Krogstad threatens to expose the truth, Nora must use her craftiness to distract Torvald and sway him into letting Krogstad keep his job. She soon comes to realize the she must take the path that is right for her and no one else. She discovers that Torvald is not the man she thought him to be and that he knows nothing of who she really is. In her sudden awareness, she says to Torvald, you dont understand me. And Ive never understood you until tonight. They have lived as strangers to each other. Noras progression from a submissive housewife to an opinionated, independent woman represents the future progression of women in society. Torvalds role illustrates societys inaccurate perception of women. He sees her only as a one-sided character with little or no opinions of her own. As Nora comments, I came to have tastes as yoursor I pretended to. Noras father also contributes to her oppression. He used to tell [Nora] his opinion about everything, and so [she] had the same opinion. Torvald only continues the behavior that she had come to expect from her father. These male figures in Noras life not only limit her beliefs and actions, but also limit her happiness. Like Allende Ibsen uses Torvalds character, and discards the public view of man to expose a more realistic depiction of male superiority. Ibsen attempts in criminalizing the male protagonist; Torvald, his behavior becomes increasingly more erratic near the plays end, affirming an idealistic self-importance, believing that she has become wife and child to him. Moreover, Torvald exhibits considerable emotional disparity which one may stereotypically associate with women; he becomes angry at Nora for her deceptive act, yet once he appears to be in the clear, he deems his outburst to be a moment of anger. Just as Torvald undergoes an apparent transformation, so does Nora; she proclaims that her leaving Torvald and the children is necessary for her, a notion that is typically assumed by males (to consider ones interests first). To portray Nora as such may not be entirely positive, but it is certainly a contemporary, liberal representation. Overall, we see that Nora is now free from her obligations, and rejects Torvalds further assistance. Moreover, Nora the doll (one whose disposition never changes) now leaves her house, and is free to seek a fuller life as a human being, no longer a malleable doll under the control of her master. No women at the time would have dared to do what Nora has, and just like the characters in Allendes novel it is only by daring or committing actions socially unacceptable like Nora did or even as Nivea displayed that these women can truly feel empowered which leads to their freedom or gain of what they needed. Again Allende and Ibsen reverberates their thoughts through the characters and portray the males as the antagonists of the play which leads to the audience or readers to understand and sympathize with their views that their needs to be a change in the way society views women.